Foundation of Business Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Establishment of Business Analysis - Case Study Example The huge certainty is 88% inferring that the it doesn't mee the 95% required certainty The outcomes didn’t show any critical measurable difference between the estimated entrã ©e value (p = 0.118 OR 0.059) and the example information. Along these lines we neglect to dismiss the invalid theory and reason that supporters will pay $18 for a dish, which is equivalent to the expectation of the gauge model. The discovering shows that most supporters are eager to pay $18. A one-example t-test is taken to check if benefactors can burn through $200for an entrã ©e according to the figure model particular. The noteworthy certainty is 100% inferring that the hugeness certainty it meet the 95% required certainty. For this case the certainty level surpass the 95% least limit in this way we are taking the elective theory (Weiers 54). A one-example t-test is taken to check if the area is in ZIP 7 for an entrã ©e according to the estimate model determination. The critical certainty is 100% suggesting that the essentialness certainty it meet the 95% required certainty. For this case the certainty level surpass the 95% least edge hence we are taking the elective theory. at p=0.01 the probability of individuals with various salary levels gave a relationship of 0.775, at 0.000 degree of criticalness. Hence esteem is high demonstrating a higher probability to disparage the café by individuals of various pay level. At p=0.01, the t=7.710 for basic dã ©cor was high than for exquisite dã ©cor t=-8.906. this was considered at 95% certainty level. Moreover, the mean worth (3.58) of the benefactors favored basic dã ©cor. While the benefactors leaning toward rich dã ©cor had mean value(2.33) which is a lower esteem. Supporters lean towards live amusement given that the lion's share love tuning in to Jazz cambo (t=11.385) at p=0.01 certainty level. Less benefactors lean toward tuning in to string quarter (t=-7.009) at certainty

Cognitive Dissonance Theory essays

Psychological Dissonance Theory expositions Psychological Dissonance Theory, created by Leon Festinger, is worried about the connections among insights. In this specific situation, insight can be seen as a bit of information that may write a component of a disposition, a feeling, a conduct, a worth, etc. For instance, the information that you like the shading blue is discernment. Individuals hold a huge number of insights all the while, and these perceptions structure unimportant, consonant or cacophonous associations with each other. Psychological Irrelevance most likely portrays the greater part of the connections among an individual's insights. Immateriality just implies that the two insights have nothing to do with one another. Two perceptions are consonant on the off chance that one discernment fits with or is predictable with the other. Individuals like consonance among their discernments. We don't know whether this angle is inborn or is scholarly, however individuals do lean toward perceptions that fit together to those that don't. It is this straightforward perception that gives the hypothesis of psychological disharmony its fascinating structure. Furthermore, two perceptions are supposed to be cacophonous or incongruent in the event that one discernment follows from something contrary to another. Discord happens when two comprehensions are in a noisy relationship. Discord isn't something that individuals need in their lives. Individuals attempt to dodge cacophony on the off chance that they do run over it. For instance, Smoking cigarettes may taste great and look proficient, yet in reality it is known to cause smoking illnesses like lung malignancy, emphysema and bronchitis. In view of this, the more noteworthy the significance of wellbeing to the smoker, the more noteworthy measure of disharmony is created when he she smokes. To comprehend the choices open to a person in a condition of disharmony, we should initially comprehend the variables that influence the greatness of discord excitement. To start with, in its easiest structure, cacophony increments as the level of inconsistency among insights increments. Second, discord... <!

An Introductory History of Zambia

An Introductory History of Zambia The indigenous tracker gatherer inhabitants of Zambia started to be uprooted or consumed by further developed moving clans around 2,000 years prior. The significant floods of Bantu-talking foreigners started in the fifteenth century, with the best convergence between the late seventeenth and mid nineteenth hundreds of years. They came principally from the Luba and Lunda clans of southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola Getting away from the Mfecane In the nineteenth century, there was an extra deluge by Ngoni people groups from the south getting away from the Mfecane. By the last piece of that century, the different people groups of Zambia were to a great extent set up in the regions they presently involve. David Livingstone at the Zambezi Aside from a periodic Portuguese traveler, the territory lay immaculate by Europeans for a considerable length of time. After the mid-nineteenth century, it was infiltrated by Western pioneers, preachers, and dealers. David Livingstone, in 1855, was the principal European to see the superb cascades on the Zambezi River. He named the falls after Queen Victoria, and the Zambian town close to the falls is named after him. Northern Rhodesia a British Protectorate In 1888, Cecil Rhodes, leading British business and political interests in Central Africa, acquired a mineral rights concession from nearby boss. Around the same time, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (presently Zambia and Zimbabwe, separately) were broadcasted a British authoritative reach. Southern Rhodesia was added officially and allowed self-government in 1923, and the organization of Northern Rhodesia was moved to the British pioneer office in 1924 as a protectorate. A Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland In 1953, the two Rhodesias were gotten together with Nyasaland (presently Malawi) to frame the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia was the focal point of a great part of the unrest and emergency that described the league in its last years. At the center of the discussion were persistent African requests for more noteworthy interest in government and European feelings of trepidation of losing political control. The Road to Independence A two-phase political race held in October and December 1962 brought about an African lion's share in the authoritative gathering and an uncomfortable alliance between the two African patriot parties. The gathering passed goals calling for Northern Rhodesias withdrawal from the league and requesting full interior self-government under another constitution and another national get together dependent on a more extensive, progressively fair establishment. A Troubled Start for the Republic of Zambia On December 31, 1963, the organization was broken down, and Northern Rhodesia turned into the Republic of Zambia on October 24, 1964. At autonomy, regardless of its extensive mineral riches, Zambia confronted significant difficulties. Locally, there were hardly any prepared and instructed Zambians equipped for running the administration, and the economy was to a great extent subject to remote ability. Encircled by Oppression Three of Zambias neighbors †Southern Rhodesia and the Portuguese settlements of Mozambique and Angola-stayed under white-ruled guideline. Rhodesias white-managed government singularly proclaimed freedom in 1965. What's more, Zambia imparted an outskirt to South African-controlled South-West Africa (presently Namibia). Zambias feelings lay with powers contradicting pilgrim or white-overwhelmed rule, especially in Southern Rhodesia. Supporting Nationalist Movements in Southern Africa During the following decade, it effectively bolstered developments, for example, the Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (UNITA), the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), and the South-West Africa Peoples Organization (SWAPO). The Struggle Against Poverty Clashes with Rhodesia brought about the end of Zambias outskirts with that nation and serious issues with universal vehicle and force gracefully. Be that as it may, the Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River gave adequate ability to fulfill the countrys necessities for power. A railroad to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, worked with Chinese help, decreased Zambian reliance on railroad lines south to South Africa and west through an undeniably upset Angola. By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had achieved freedom from Portugal. Zimbabwe accomplished autonomy as per the 1979 Lancaster House understanding, however Zambias issues were not understood. Common war in the previous Portuguese settlements created displaced people and caused proceeding with transportation issues. The Benguela Railroad, which expanded west through Angola, was basically shut to traffic from Zambia by the late 1970s. Zambias solid help for the ANC, which had its outside central command in Lusaka, made security issues as South Africa struck ANC focuses in Zambia. In the mid-1970s, the cost of copper, Zambias chief fare, endured an extreme decrease around the world. Zambia went to outside and global loan specialists for alleviation, however as copper costs stayed discouraged, it turned out to be progressively hard to support its developing obligation. By the mid-1990s, regardless of restricted obligation help, Zambias per capita remote obligation stayed among the most elevated on the planet. Source Content from Public Domain material, US Department of State Background Notes.

5 Billionaires Who Failed Before Succeeding By

Has a recent failure or the stress of schoolwork brought you down? Get inspiration from these 5 billionaires on how they overcame the adversities in their lives.Walt DisneyIt was good to experience huge failures when you were young.The Walt Disney Company current net worth: $130 billionBefore Walt Disney became the entertainment mogul we know him today, he first had to go through challenges.At 16, he quit school to join the Army, but he was rejected for being underage. He joined the Red Cross instead.He applied as an intern in a newspaper but was fired because he lacked imagination and had no original ideas.He started the Laugh-O-Gram Studio which went bankrupt after the second year. Lost his first original character, Oswald the Rabbit, because it was licensed under his former partner Charles Mintz.The bankruptcy of the Laugh-O-Gram studio left Disney bankrupt. He moved to Los Angeles where he created Mickey Mouse and his first spoken animation movie.JK RowlingIt is impossible to liv e without failing at something, unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at allin which case, you fail by default.Net worth: $1 billionThe years preceding the publication of the Harry Potter series, JK Rowling went through internal and external challenges, some of which she even incorporated in the novel.Lost her mother at the age of 25, six months after she began writing Harry Potter.In 1992, she married Portuguese TV journalist Jorge Arantes, and had a daughter. However, their marriage lasted only 13 months.After moving to Edinburgh with her daughter, she failed to find permanent work, and eventually went through depression and became suicidal.She lived on state benefits while writing her novel. It took her 5 years to finish her manuscript.After she finished the manuscript, it was rejected by 12 publishing companies.In 1997, Bloomsbury published Harry Potter.In 1998, Scholastic Inc. published it in the US.Richard BransonDo not be embarrassed by your fail ures, learn from them and start again.Net worth: $4 billionHe built eight separate billion-dollar companies in eight different industries all on his own. He is also a well-known philanthropist.He is dyslexic which made school difficult for him. Dropped out of high school and hand poor reading and math skills.He started on various business ventures from the age of 16. Although each achieved a small-scale level of success, Branson was unable to sustain it for a long time. However, he always moved on to a new venture.His most successful venture is Virgin Records, where he was able to sign record deals with iconic artists. However, Virgin Records had trouble staying afloat financially, and in 1993, Branson had to sell it to Thorn EMI for $1 billion.Other business failures: Virgin Cola, Virgin Cosmetics, and Virgin Brides.He has since been able to establish successful companies under the Virgin Group. Some of these include the Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Media, Virgin Money, and Virgin Train s. His latest venture, Virgin Galactic, aims to send non-astronauts to space.James DysonThere are countless times an inventor can give up on an idea. By the time I made my 15th prototype, my third child was born. By 2,627, my wife and I were really counting our pennies. By 3,727, my wife was giving art lessons for some extra cash. These were tough times, but each failure brought me closer to solving the problem.Net worth: $13.2 billionHis creation is a household name, literally and figuratively. The years he spent struggling to create the perfect product did not go to waste.An innovator at heart, Dysons first invention is the Sea Truck in 1970 while studying at the Royal College of Art.He had the idea for a vacuum cleaner that used cyclonic separation that would be able to clean up dust without compromising the suction. It took him 15 years and 5,126 prototypes for the Dual Cyclone vacuum cleaner.He was unable to find a manufacturer or distributor for the product. So, he had to laun ch it in Japan.With his success in Japan, he was able to establish his own manufacturing company, Dyson, Ltd.Other companies started producing bag-less vacuum cleaners like his. One, however, copied a fundamental part of the patented designs, and was sued by Dyson. The High Court ruled in favor of Dyson.Oprah WinfreyThe choice to be excellent begins with aligning your thoughts and words with the intention to require more from yourself.Net worth: $3.2 billionOprah Winfrey is a media mogul, whose fame transcends geographic boundaries. She is the first African-American female billionaire.Winfrey showed promise as a public speaker at a young age. However, her childhood was fraught with poverty and abuse. She revealed in an interview that relatives and a number of her mothers friends had molested her as a child.At 14, she had a child and had to live in a shelter. Her child died shortly after birth. After the tragedy, Winfreys father took her in and sent her to school. She was able to win a full scholarship at Tennessee State University where she majored in speech and drama.At 19, she worked as an assistant to Nashvilles local evening news anchor. A year later, she became the news anchor on Nashvilles televisiona big feat at that time. However, she was fired after 9 months.She acted as Sofia Johnson for Quincy Jones film adaptation of the novel The Color Purple.She was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for the Best Supporting Actress.In 1986, she started her own talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show. She has also started her own charities, The Angel Network and The Oprah Winfrey Foundation.Academic writing service for studentsWalt Disney, JK Rowling, Richard Branson, James Dyson, and Oprah Winfrey are indeed inspirations for us all. It is not sheer luck that takes an ordinary person to the top of the corporate ladder, but determination and perseverance. They were talented, yes, but it was ultimately their drive for success that kept them going despite numerous o bstacles and failures. Failures are a natural part of life, for as demonstrated by these billionaires, we learn from them. If you failed an exam or a paper, dont worry. Pick yourself up again turn this into an opportunity to improve yourself. can help you improve your writing skills and get A+ in your papers. And if youre in need of much more than that, our professional writers are prepared to heed your call. Wed be happy to tackle that custom essay for you, as you work on improvement and catching up to a taxing workload.

Essay about Changing the Culture at British Airways

Changing the Culture at British Airways Changing the Culture at British Airways The British Airways case study was a very interesting case to read. It proves that not all people can be leaders, especially the chairman, board and chief executives of British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC.) According to the case study of British Airways, the life at the â€Å"old† British Airways was â€Å"bloody awful† (Changing the Culture of British Airways, 1990, p. 1). There definitely was a crisis happening in that airline. They didn’t seem to have a cohesive culture and it seemed as if they continued down this path they would no longer have a business either. British Airways had this divide between BEA and BOAC.†¦show more content†¦3) And another mindset was, â€Å"If you’re providing service at no cost to the taxpayer, then you’re doing quite well† (Changing the Culture of British Airways, 1990, p. 3). If you had to compare this philosophy to Kotter’s book, The Heart of Change, this company was in huge trouble. There was definitely no leadership—just really greedy chairman, in my opinion. There was definitely no sense of urgency and such a lack of vision. The unfortunate this was it still remained the same even when reorganization occurred in 1976, by Sir Frank McFadzean. According to the study, divisional loyalties prevented the carrier from attaining a common focus (Changing the Culture of British Airways, 1990, pp. 3-4). It was not until February 1981, where things began to look up for British Airways. It was when Sir John King became chairman. Sir King made radial steps by reducing staff significantly, freezing pay increases, closing several airline routes, online stations, and engineering bases. In addition, halting cargo-only services, and selling the fleet, and inflicting massive cuts upon offices, administrative services and staff clubs (Changing the Culture of British Airways, 1990, p. 4). Although you would think this would have caused a lot of fear and negativity with employees—my impression of what I read, Sir King alleviated this byShow MoreRelatedChanging the Culture at British Airways Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesChanging the Culture at British Airways Question #1 Life at â€Å"old† British Airways lacked a unifying corporate culture. The 1971 merger of British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), by the British Airways Board, only succeeded in putting an umbrella over two separate mature entities. The focus of the BEA had been to build a European airline infrastructure. BOAS was an innovator and pioneered the first jet passenger service. Neither company was concerned withRead MoreChanging the Culture at British Airways Essay956 Words   |  4 Pages1. What was life like at old British Airways? †¢ Employees were embarrassed to mention they worked for the company. †¢ British Airways stumbled into its 1979 state of inefficiency in large part because of its history and culture. †¢ British Airways faced the worst crisis in its history in the late 1970’s early 1980’s. †¢ Unless they took immediate action they were heading for a loss of at least  £100 million within that present financial year. †¢ They faced the potential that by that followingRead MoreChanging the Culture at British Airways Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesChanging the Culture at British Airways 1. Problems you identified from the case Macro: The first problem changing the culture at British Airways was the merger of the BOAC and BEA. In 1971, the Civil Aviation Act became law and the board was to control policy over British Airways but both BOAC and BEA remained autonomous, each with its own chairman, board, and chief executive. This caused a split within British Airways throughout the 1970s and in the mid-1980. The second problem BA faced wasRead MoreBritish Airlines Change 647 Words   |  3 Pages British Airways have been the symbol of the United Kingdom and its airlines for many years. They are the largest airline in the UK and have the largest amount of international flights and destinations. British Airways was formed in 1974 after four UK airlines, BEA, BOAC, Northeast Airlines, and Newcastle, were dissolved. The airline aimed at being a worldwide network and achieving economies of scale. This joining of four different organizations caused the airlines to have over 50,000 staffRead MoreThe Case Of British Airways841 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion Board # 1 Johan Rivera Liberty University British Airways (BA) is a company that encountered several difficulties back in the 1970’s and 1980’s. The poor performances of the organization, was leading the company to failure. BA was offering a service that even though it accomplished the mission of the company, was not providing customer satisfaction. The organization was not taking into consideration the needs of the costumer and was not providing an acceptable customer service experienceRead MoreBritish Airways Case Study1363 Words   |  6 Pagesre-energize a mature organization, and change corporate culture provide the basis for analyzing British Airways’ (BA) transformation and the difficulties encountered in making an organizational change. Identification of critical factors leading to British Airways successful transformation as well as steps, sequence, and risks taken to transform the organization and personal assessment is provided for this case study. Connection of British Airways case to re-energizing the mature organization How wasRead MoreBritish Airways Case Study1409 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization, and change corporate culture, provide the basis for analyzing British Airways’ (BA) transformation and the challenges encountered in making an organizational change. Identification of critical factors leading to their successful transformation as well as the steps, sequence, and risks taken to transform the organization and personal assessment of what could have been done differently is provided in this case study. Connection of British Airways case to re-energizing the mature organizationRead MoreDialogue As A Form Of Communication1073 Words   |  5 Pages (William Isaacs, past director, MIT’s Dialogue Project) The work dialogue stems from the Greek roots ‘dia’ and ‘logos’ which means â€Å"through meaning†. Dialogue serve as a great part in bringing a drastic change in the organisational culture of the companies on my levels. David Bohm s (1996) popular book, On Dialogue, defines dialogue as a form of communication from which something new emerges; participants must evidence a relaxed, non-judgmental curiosity, with the aim of seeing thingsRead MoreCross Cultural Perspectives Of Culture Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesCross-Cultural Perspectives-900 words Culture refers to the values, rules, norms and behaviour as well as their products that govern the lifestyles of an individual or group. Cultural rules and behaviour are inherited from past generations, may be learned from others and are transmitted to other generation. Additionally, they embody the symbols and systems through which communication, attitudes and knowledge about life takes place. The set a certain group of people apart from others because the manifestationRead MoreThe Historical View of Privatization and Nationalization in America1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe central social institution. The meaning is the government own business but increase function of the private more than before or sale at least fifty percentage of the shares to private sector (Drucker, 1969). So the purpose of privatization is changing the business to the better ways for reduce the problem of the government, bring more benefit to the people in their countries and be received services in the reason able price. Privatization has many levels to develop organization or enterprise.

The Philosophy Of Aristotle s Philosophy - 1384 Words

Within each of our existences, we as social creatures desire friendship/social interaction which comforts us on the confusing journey we call life. I believe that through my interpretation of Aristotle’s philosophy, that we all have friends when seeing the world through Aristotle’s philosophy. Aristotle describes friendship as being made up of mutual feelings of good intentions between two individuals. According to him, there are 3 different types of friendships that make up the base of social interactions. The first out of 3 types of friendships that he talks about is Utility based friendships. These types of friendships are based on the benefits/trading that the two individuals can gain from each other. These are most often formed by individuals with opposite personalities. The decision making process involved in forming these types of relationships are based on long term benefit, or time to benefit ratio. This type of relationship is characterized as shallow, weak, a nd easily dissolved. The most problems occur in this type of relationship due to the deviation in valuing one another’s service. For example, Billy and Bob are friends/roommates, Billy made a painting as a gift for Bob in exchange for paying his half of the rent, Bob believes that while being appreciative of the painting, that it is worth less than the price of the rent he couldn’t pay and insists that Bob either starts pulling his own weight or hits the road to find additional income and a differentShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Realism Philosophy And Philosophy1590 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle’s Realism Philosophy Realism is an educational philosophy; furthermore it is a teaching that stresses knowledge that develops from one s own senses.in my opinion this is great idea for educational philosphy, because it shows that sense deveolpement is the realest possible learning to have. Under this philosophy the idea exists that there is a real world not constructed by human minds, that can be known by one s own mind. It is through experiencing the world around everyone in whichRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Aristotle s Philosophy1454 Words   |  6 Pages Aquinas derived his philosophy from his views of christianity and the works of artsophile. This can be seen in his views of how to achieve knowledge, he states that â€Å" â€Å" ( ) God according to him has created the universe and has omnestent, overseeing all actions by humans. God is the highest source of knowledge and has authority over all things. The goal for humanity is to gain some of this knowledge and gain true happiness that achieve through god. Soul according to Aquinas is immortal, derivedRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Philosophy1782 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Plato and Aristotle were prominent philosophers during their time and even today remain some of the most well-known philosophers ever. Aristotle was a student of Plato’s and Plato’s influence was noticeable throughout Aristotle’s work. Though Aristotle believed and would later teach a lot of Platonic philosophy, that did not mean that he agreed with everything that Plato taught. One thing that Aristotle would critique about Plato’s teaching was his idea of what he called â€Å"Forms† and their roleRead MoreAristotle s Ideas And Philosophies Of Aristotle Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Frequently discussed and debated are the ideas and philosophies of Aristotle. Larger than life, Aristotle had substantial influence on the formation and methodology of science as a whole, as well as specific disciplines. Many of his theories were well beyond the knowledge of ancient Greece (or what they thought they knew), and only in recent history has the science community begun to discover that many of Aristotle’s theories were actually quite close to reality. In addition, many of his theoriesRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy Of Aristotle1725 Words   |  7 PagesI will be discussing what makes a person moral or just according to Aristotle. In addition, I will talk about what Aristotle believes is the explanation and cause for bad moral choices. In order to answer these questions, however, we must first learn about how Aristotle approached philosophy. Aristotle was a student of Plato, and as one might expect, he is a virtue theorist much like his mentor. This means that he emphasizes virtues and moral character and that the best way to re solve moral questionsRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Philosophy1464 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is an area of discipline within philosophy that studies the idea of good and what good things have in common. This discipline consists of many different aspects offered from both a historical and modern viewpoints. One specific aspect of ethics is virtue ethics, which is composed of theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy. Most virtue theorists take their inspiration from Aristotle and Socrates, who were founders of several major propositions in thisRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy Of Nature1731 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle was an influential Greek philosopher and during his time he made significant and profound contributions to the world through his teachings. Teachings such as his philosophy of nature, mathematics ethics, biology and art. Through many of his teachings and influential contributions in today’s society now, we now use what he taught and evolved from there as the years go by. In Aristotle’s life time he transformed the human knowledge that we have now. Giving it all new meanings and purposeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Philosophy1904 Words   |  8 PagesThere have been tons of philosophers throughout the last millennium and so on that have developed their ideas and supported them through various means. Aristotle is one of the most famous examples of a philosopher that does exactly that. Though mainly the influence was on the ancient world, his theories have a wide variety and assortment that has been an extreme influence on generations of philosophers even today. Aristotle’s efforts were able to answer questions that had been within the minds ofRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Western Philosophy1124 Words   |  5 Pagesknown is Aristotle. His contributions to Western philosophy are in the areas of nature, nature, logic, metaphysics, the soul, morality, and politics. He was one of Plato’s students and studied under him for tw enty years in the academy in Athens. He started to lecture about his on top of rhetoric. Aristotle became well known for his philosophies he began to tutor Phillip of Macedon son Alexander. After the death of Phillip’s, the school of platonic was a dominant and flourishing philosophy of PlatonismRead MoreAristotle And Plato s Philosophy1688 Words   |  7 Pages) Professor Armstrong CC 5 October 2015 Aristotle and Plato are famous for their many works in the philosophical field. Specifically, the Republic by Plato and Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle seem to be their most popular works. In these works they discuss things that are needed to achieve the â€Å"good life† both on an individual level and on a societal level. There is some variance between what the two philosophers think can create the â€Å"good life.† They explore the concepts of eudaimonia, virtue

Fluid Flow Viscosity Shear - Free Sample

Questions: VISCOSITY :Shear1. (a) A yield stress material is found to be best described by the Bingham-Plastic model. Explain the terms which are required to represent the material in this model and suggest an alternative model for materials which display the following characteristics: shear-thinning, shear-thickening. Illustrate your flow models using diagrams of shear stress against shear rate and apparent viscosity against shear rate. What are the limitations of the model when applied to shear-thinning fluids and can it be modified to account for a yield stress ? Your answer should refer to the following terms and define each of them: shear stress ; shear rate ; apparent viscosity ; zero-shear viscosity; consistency. Suggest a flow model for (i) shear-thinning, (ii) shear-thickening fluids and (iii) Newtonian fluids and explain your answer using appropriate diagrams of shear stress against shear rate and apparent viscosity against shear rate. 1. (b) A pressure drop of 105 N/m2 is developed when a fluid flows through a straight circular pipe 20 m in length and 25 mm in diameter. The fluid is Newtonian with a shear viscosity of 1 Pa s. A chemical is added to the fluid and its flow properties are changed. A graph of shear stress against shear rate and apparent viscosity against shear rate shows (i) that the changed fluid is shear-thinning, with a shear-thinning power-law index = 1/3 ; and (ii) that its apparent viscosity is the same as that of the original fluid at a shear rate of 1000 s-1. Calculate the volumetric flowrate for the shear-thinning fluid at the original value of the pressure drop.1. (c) A power-law fluid has a density of 1075 kg/m3. It is pumped at a rate of 2500 kg/hour through a pipe of internal diameter 25 mm.The flow is laminar and the power law constants are K2 = 3 Pa.sn and n = 0.5. Estimate the pressure drop over a 10 m straight length of pipe and the centre-line velocity for these conditions.2. (a) You are provided with information from a viscometer for 3 different fluids. The information consists of the results of measurements of shear stress for different values of shear rate. Using appropriate diagrams, explain how you would use this information to characterise the fluids in terms of their non-Newtonian flow characteristics according to (i) the Bingh am-Plastic; (ii) the shear-thinning fluid and (iii) the shear-thickening fluid models, respectively. Suggest a suitable model for the shear-thinning fluid and discuss any limitations it may have.2.(b) A material flows in a pipe of 0.15m diameter at a velocity of 0.5 ms-1. The relation between shear stress and shear rate is = 2.5 0.2 (SI Units)As a result of temperature change the Power Law index becomes 0.25 but the apparent viscosity is unchanged when the shear rate is 100 s-1. Calculate the percentage increase in the mean velocity of the material at the same pressure drop and at the new temperature.(b) A horizontal pipe of circular cross-section and 600 mm diameter carries water under a head of 30 m with a velocity of flow of 3 m s-1. If the pipe turns through a 75 degree bend, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.NEWTONS SECOND LAW:Bernoulli1. (a) Explain how the Bernoulli Energy Equation can be obtained from considerations of the forces act ing on a streamtube of fluid. Ensure that your answer explains the significance of the terms in the Equation and its limitations. What principle could be used to create a differential head flowmeter based on this Equation ?1. (b) Water flows through a pipe of inside diameter 200 mm at a rate of 100 m3h-1. The flow abruptly enters a section which reduces the pipe diameter to 150 mm, for which the head loss is equivalent to 0.2 velocity heads based on the smaller pipe. If the gauge pressure is 80 kNm-2 upstream of the reducing section, find the force needed to hold the section in position.2. (a) You are required to create a differential head flowmeter based on a convergence in a section of pipe. Starting with an expression for the forces acting on an ideal fluid, show how you would estimate the volumetric flowrate based on measurements of differential pressure. How would you modify your answer to account for the fact that a real fluid will have viscosity and how would you ensure that energy degradation is minimised? 2.(b) A manometer uses a manometric fluid of density 1075 kg/m3 to measure the pressure drop across an orifice plate with a throat diameter of 75 mm. The orifice plate is placed inside a vertical pipe with a diameter of 225 mm and oil with a density of 860 kg/m3 is flowing upwards inside the pipe. The deflection of the manometer fluid is 0.5 m and the discharge coefficient of the orifice is 0.659. What is the flowrate of the oil? 3. (a) Beginning with Newtons Second Law calculate the force required to stabilise a 90o horizontal pipe bend against movement due to hydrodynamic reaction forces. State any assumptions you would make and explain how you would calculate the direction of the force. 3. (b) A jet of water of 22.5 cm diameter impinges normally on a flat plate moving at 0.6 m s-1 in the same direction as the jet. If the discharge is 0.14 m3 s-1 find the force and the work done per second on the plate.4. (a) Explain how you would create a differen tial head flowmeter based on convergence at an orifice plate placed in a section of pipe. Starting with an expression for the forces acting on an ideal fluid, show how you would estimate the volumetric flowrate based on measurements of differential pressure. 4. (b) A horizontal venturi meter with a discharge coefficient of 0.96 is to be used to measure the flowrate of water up to 0.025m3s-1 in a pipe of internal diameter 100 mm. The meter is connected to a differential manometer containing mercury (Specific Gravity,SG = 13.6). If the maximum allowable difference in mercury levels is 80 cm, what is the diameter of the throat ?5. (a) Using Newtons Second Law as a starting point, explain how you would create a flowmeter based on a converging section of pipe for a real (non-ideal) fluid. Your answer must explain how the degradation of energy is minimised and how you would estimate the volumetric flowrate based on measurements of differential pressure.5. (b) Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of liquid which leaves a nozzle and strikes a stationary flat plate normally with a velocity v. How would this expression be modified if the plate were to be moving in the same direction as the jet with a velocity u ? Explain any assumptions which you make.5. (c) Two pressure gauges are located at tapping points 50 cm apart on a vertical Venturi tube which has an inlet diameter of 150 mm, a throat diameter of 70 mm and a discharge coefficient of 0.98. If a liquid of density 1,000 kgm-3 flows upward through the Venturi tube at a rate of 0.075 m3s-1 what is the difference in reading of the two pressure gauges ?5. (d) Droplets of oil (density = 960 kg/m3) are dispersed as an emulsion in a solution with a density and shear viscosity the same as water. Calculate how long an 80 m spherical droplet will take to rise from the bottom of a tank to the surface 1.4 m above in still liquid. Neglect acceleration effects and state any assumptions you make.RUSHTON TURBINE1. ( a) Explain what factors influence the amount of power input required for fluid agitation and mixing in a standard Rushton turbine. Use this mixer configuration to explain why scale-up under conditions of same torque per unit volume is equivalent to performing scale-up at constant tip speed in the fully turbulent region of mixing. Explain why the same mixing time criterion can be prohibitively expensive. 1. (b). You are required to agitate water with a standard Rushton turbine. The tank diameter is 2 m and you are required to work to a tip speed design criterion of 3 m s-1. Assuming a Power Number of 6, calculate:(i) the power required per unit volume of fluid(ii) the speed that the impeller should be driven at in a geometrically similar 4 m diameter tank on the basis of scale-up at equal power per unit volume State any assumptions you make 2. (a) Describe the configuration of a standard Rushton turbine and use this mixer configuration to explain (i) why the same torque per unit volume scale-up criterion is equivalent to performing scale-up at constant tip speed in the fully turbulent region of mixing; and (ii) why the conditions under which scale-up based on the same mixing time criterion could prove very expensive. (b). A horizontal pipe with an inside diameter of 200 mm has a 180o U-bend and carries a fluid of density 900 kgm-3 at a rate of 150 m3h-1. Find the force exerted by the liquid on the bend if the gauge pressures upstream and downstream of the bend are 100 kPa and 80 kPa, respectively.3. (a) What are the main parameters influencing power input for fluid agitation and mixing. Explain why the same mixing time scale-up criterion may be prohibitively expensive. Refer to the fully turbulent region of mixing and the standard Rushton-Turbine configuration in your answer. 3(b). Tests on a small scale tank 0.3 m in diameter show that a blending process between two miscible liquids (both aqueous with properties the same as water) is complete after 1 minute when using an impeller speed of 250 revolutions per minute.It is decided to scale up the process to a tank of 2.5 m diameter using the criterion of constant tip speed.(i) What speed should be chosen for the larger impeller ? (ii) What power will be required ? (iii) What will be the blend time in the large tank ? State any assumptions you make. Assume a standard Rushton-turbine configuration, and a Power Num ber of 6.LAMINAR/TURBULENT FLOW: Reynolds Number1. (a) Explain the meaning of the terms friction factor, Reynolds Number and relative roughness and how they are used in the construction of the Moody plot. Verify the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds Number given in the Moody plot for the laminar flow region. 1. (b) A foam consists of droplets of oil (density 960 kg/m3) which are dispersed as an emulsion in a solution whose density and viscosity is the same as water. Calculate how long an 80 micron diameter ( 1 m = 1 x 10-6 m ) spherical drop will take to rise from the bottom of a tank to the surface 1.4 m above in a still liquid (neglect acceleration effects).2. (a) The flow of a viscous fluid past a spherical particle is characterised by the Reynolds Number, Re. Explain the form of the curve obtained when Re is plotted against the Drag Coefficient. Ensure that your answer includes:(i) an explanation of the terms involved in Re and the Drag Coefficient, (ii) an expla nation of the term 'separation', (iii) an account of the changing drag force, F, on the particle. 2. (b) A water softener consists of a vertical cylindrical pipe 0.5 m long and 50 mm internal diameter packed with an ion-exchange resin consisting of spherical particles whose diameter is 1 mm. The bed porosity is 0.33. The column runs full of water, under a head of 0.2 m, but water trickles out slowly from the bottom of the column which is supported by a perforated plate. Calculate the flowrate and verify any assumptions which you make. Answers: 1. a) Bingham plastic can be defined as such kind of viscoplastic materials which acts as the rigid body at minimum stresses and acts as the viscous flow at maximum stresses. It is widely used in drilling engineering for model of mathematical flow of the mud. The Bingham plastic model has been showcased below; The alternative model is Carreau model which displays the shear-thinning and shear thickening characteristics of the model. The Carreau model is such kind of Newtonian generalized fluid where the viscosity of the material always depends on rate of shear of the material. The equation of the Carreau model is given by, , where the material coefficients are n, and is the viscosity at zero rate, is the viscosity at the shear rate of infinite, relaxation time is and n is the power index. The above diagram showcases the graph plot between the shear rate and the dynamic viscosity. The equation, = K( )n1 is given then reduced form of the Carreau model where k is consistency factor. The above plot depicts the relationship between the shear rate and the viscosity. The plot showcases the decreases of the viscosity of the fluid of shear thinning materials with the increasing of the shear rate. Limitations The limitation of the model is that it cannot be fitted for any kind of polymer solutions in minimum and maximum shear range. The ranges between the lower and higher shear ranges showcase the zero shear viscosity and the infinite values of shear viscosity. This kind of model is best suited for the medium level of the polymer industry. i) Shear thinning model The above diagram showcases the shear thinning model which describes the plot between the viscosity and the shear rate. ii) Shear thickening model Herchel-Bulkley fluid model showcases the shear thickening condition of the viscosity. The plot showcases the relationship between the shear rate and the viscosity in Herchel-Bulkley fluid model. iii) Newtonian fluids The example of Newtonian fluids is the Bingham model which is described below in the plot. b) The volumetric flow arte equation is given by, (8u/D= 4Q/R^3) = 8*1/3 /25 =4Q/ 3.14*(0.02)^3= 6.70*10^-7 m^3/s. c) The flow characteristics is denoted by, 8u/D = 8 / 25 = 0.32 s^-1 (8u/D)n-1 = 0.32 (0.5-1)= 1.76s ap = K(8u/D)^-0.5 = 3*0.32^-0.5=1.020 Pa sAnd Re = uD/ ap = 25*1/1.020= 24.50So, the pressure drop is given by, PF = 4f(L/di) u2 /2 = 2*0.0075(25)*0.01/25 = 1.5 Pa. 2. a) The above diagram depicts the plot between shear rate and the shear stress of the three kinds of fluids such as shear thickening, shear thinning and the Bingham plastic. Shear thickening plot showcases that the rate of the shear increases with the increasing of the dilatants fluid. The shear thinning fluid can be called as the Pseudo plastic fluid materials. The Bingham plastic graph plot does not pass through origin point of the graph. Limitations The limitation of shear thickening fluid that it cannot pass through any kinds of solutions. b)The calculation is given by, = /P = 100/2.5 = 40*100 = 4000 m/sc) FX = -P1A1 - P2A2 cos(b) - d Q [V1 + V2 cos(b)] and Fy = P2 A2 sin(b) + d V2 Q sin(b) so, F can be denoted as F= (Fx2 + Fy2)1/2 , FX = 706.5*sin(75) = 682.42 Newton's Second Law 1. a) The Bernoulli Energy Equation is stated that the motion of fluid is increase by decreasing its pressure or its potential energy. The mathematical expression of Bernoullis theorem is like:PV+ m/2v2 = Constant, This is a correct statement to proceed with steam fluid for different cross sectional areas. Now the volume V at any point of this steam flow is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy. The equation looks like that V= mv2/2 + PVNow the energy of a fluid is moving from one point to another point with same motion then its energy equation is like P1V+mv12 = P2V +mv22 By using m=v, Bernoulli energy equation can obtain, that is: P1-p2 = /2(v22 v11) This equation derives the Bernoulli energy equation with the help of Newtons second law. This theorem is used in fluid mechanics for steady streamline regions of flow. It can control the motion of fluid by decreasing the pressure of air or potential energy of fluid. The Bernoulli theorem is limited for heat transformation of a particle including its mechanical transformation. This theorem will reduce the thermal energy. With the help of nonlinear relationship in between flow and pressure, an accuracy of flow measurement can change the pressure of flow meter. This common relationship in between pressure and fluid flow can control the flow meter pressure. This is a successful approach of Bernoullis theorem to create the main principle of flow meter. b)The velocity for larger and smaller pipes isV1= 4Q/3.14d12 = 4*100/3600/3.14*0.22 = 0.884 ms -1 AndV2= 1.67 ms -1 This is the head loss based on the velocity of smaller pipeHL= 0.2 * 1.57^2/2g= 0.025The pressure in 200 mm diameter including 80kNm-2 including 150 mm diameter pipe is found by applying Bernoullis equationP2= P1 + /2(V12 +V22) gHL = 80 * 10^3 +500*(0.884^2-1.57^2) 1000*g*0.025 = 78.913 Nm-2 The upstream and downstream pressure are, P1a1 = 2513 NAnd P2a2 = 1394 NThe force in the X direction isFX = 1000* 100/3600*(1.57-0.884) 2513 + 1394 = -1100 NSo, 1.1 kNm-2 is the opposite direction to hold the reducing sector in position. 2. a) Figure: section of a pipe Here static head = P/yDynamic head = (P/y + v^2/2g)Procedures Venturis Nossles OrificesIt depends on Flowrate Fluid properties Element geometry Figure: flow meter based on pipe Bernoullis equation of energy conservation P1 + 1/21U12 =P2 + 1/22U22 = constant =P0 P0 = total pressure at medium Total sum of dynamic and static pressure is same throughout the whole pipe p = P1 P2 =/2(U22 U12) Volumetric flow rate is defined as Q A1 = pipes area A2= pipes flow area P1 = upstream pressure P2 = restriction pressure = density C= correction factor Viscosity of fluid is basically the measurement of the resistance to steady deformation by tensile stress or shear stress. Real fluid has also effected by tensile stress and shear stress. So it is ensured that fluid has viscosity. From the Bernoullis equation it is ensured that the degradation of energy is minimized. b) Density of manometric fluid = 1075 kg/m3 Diameter = 75 mm The diameter of orifice plate = 225 mm Density of orifice plate = 860 kg/ m3 Deflection of manometer fluid = 0.5 m Discharge coefficient of the orifice = 0.659 Flow rate of the oil = Q = VA = V * D2/4 [A = D2/4] Where Q = flow rate V= Viscosity A = Area D= Diameter of the pipe Flow rate of oil = 0.5** 2252/4 0.659* * 752/4 = /4(0.5 * 2252 0.659 * 752) = 16969.019 mm = 16.969 m3 s-1 The flow rate of oil is 16.97 m3 s-1 3. a) The pressure required to stabilize the pipe against movement is done by applying Bernoulli in between V1 and V2 points is as follows P1 + V12 = p2 + V12 So the pressure forces Fpx1 = p1A1 = 1200 N Fpy2 = p2A2 Assume the inlet pressure of V1 is 4m/s and the outlet pressure V2 is 16 m/s So the direction will go through from inlet pressure to outlet pressure that is from V1 to V2 So, v = (4^2 + 16^2) = 16.49 m/s And Fm = m2v= 659.7 N Now the pressure for resolve section Fmy = 659.7 sin 75.96 = 640 N Fmx = 659.7 cos 75.96 = 160 N So, the total force is acting at X direction is, 1200+160= 1360 N The force acting at y direction = 0 + 640= 640 N Here no initial force is acting towards Y direction so the direction of the actual force is acting towards X Axis. b) The resulting force of the jet is F= m v1 {2(1-cos)} F = 45 N 4 a) A differential head flow meter based on convergence at an orifice plate placed in a section of pipe Here P = Pressure D = Density Q = Flow rate Flow meter is basically a process which is used to determine the volume of the gas which is passing through the nozzle with the per unit time. The creation of differential head flow meter is depended on three procedures. These procedures are basically Venturis procedure, Nozzles procedure and Orifices procedure. The orifice procedure is dependent on the Flow rate of the fluid, various properties of the fluid and the geometry of element. Volumetric flow rate Figure: Orifice meter pipe The volumetric flow rate is basically defined by the below equation: Q= flow rate C= correction factor = density A1 = pipes area A2= flow area of the pipe P1 = upstream pressure P2 = restriction pressure b) Discharge coefficient of venture meter = 0.96 Flow rate of water = 0.025 m3 s-1 Internal diameter = 100 mm Specific gravity = 13.6 Maximum difference = 80 cm [in mercury] The equation of flow rate Q = u2A2 = Cd {2R (pm p) g/p}* A1A2/ (A12 A22) Where A= Area P = density G= gravity A2 = 13.6 * 2* 80/0.025 * 1002 = 33 meter The diameter of the throat is 33 meter. 5. a) The most common flow meter is obtained from Newtons second law. In numerical form the common formula is written as: m1 = m2 = A1V1/v2 or A2V2/v1 If the V is constant then the equation is simplified to a new form A1V1= A2V2 Using Bernoullis theorem the flow meter of a pipe for a real fluid is represented as V1 A1= V2A2 or V1= A2V2 /A1 b) Suppose a Nozzle has a n inlet area is 0.005 m2 and the discharge diameter is combined with its atmosphere. The gauge bar including inlet of the nozzle is 3 Bar. Since the area of vertical place is coming from Fv =0 by using gauge pressures, so the final force is Zero at exit point. Fpx2 = 0, so FH = 1500 0= 1500 N to the right angle. c) The Bernoullis equation has been stated below, p1/+v12/2g=p2/g+v22/2g+z2 Continuity equation has been mentioned below, A1v1=a2v2 After the rearrangement equation of the differential pressure has bee stated below, P1-p2=g(v1^2/2g((a1/a2)^2-1)+z2-z1) Equation of the flow rate is Q=Cdav1 Differences between two pressure gauges= P1-P2=500x (.075/(.98x3, 141x.15^2/4) ^2x ((.15/.07)^4-1)+2x9.8x.5) =290,232.18 NRA^-2 =2902 KNm-^2 Rushton Turbine 1. a) The factors are the Reynolds number, power number, flow meter and the blend time of the dimensionless. Scale up under the conditions of same torque per unit volume is equivalent to performing scale up at the constant speed in the turbulent region of mixing because, torque per volume can be termed as the mixing intensity in fluid velocities and it related to the effective motion of the mixer. b) i)The equation is given by, Where P0 is the dimensionless power number, N is the speed of the rotational, is the fluid density. So, P= 6*3^3*2 = 324 Pa ii) so, N^3 = P/p0 D^5 = 324/(6*4^5)= 0.03 m/s where, Where P0 is the dimensionless power number, N is the speed of the rotational, is the fluid density. 2. a) The factors are the Reynolds number, power number, flow meter and the blend time of the dimensionless. Scale up under the conditions of same torque per unit volume is equivalent to performing scale up at the constant speed in the turbulent region of mixing because, torque per volume can be termed as the mixing intensity in fluid velocities and it related to the effective motion of the mixer. b) The equation is given by, FX = -P1A1 - P2A2 cos(b) - d Q [V1 + V2 cos(b)] and Fy = P2 A2 sin(b) + d V2 Q sin(b)FX = -100*200- 80*200cos (180)- 150(900)= -139000 Fy = 0 so, F = 139000 pa 3. a) The main parameters are which influencing the power input for the agitation and mixing of the fluids are mixing time and the circulation time. The same mixing time scale-up criterion may be prohibitively expensive because of larger tank mixture. b) i)The required speed can be calculated by, N^3 = P/p0 D^5 = 100/(6*0.3^5) = 5.29*10^-5 ii) The required power can be calculated by, = 6*250 30.3^5 = 227812.5 Pa iii) So, the required blend time can be calculated by, 227812.5 * 5.29*10^-5*227812.5^-(1.69/5.29) = 0.234 Laminar/Turbulent Flow: Reynoldss Number 1. a) The head loss or various pressure losses due to the loss of the friction can be called as the friction factor. Friction factor can also be referred to as the Darcy friction factor or the Moody friction factor. Renolds number can be defined as such kind of dimensionless quantities which can help to predict the similar kinds of flow patterns in various fluid situations. The ratio between the roughness of the duct and the diameter of the hydraulic can be referred to as the relative roughness. Which can be expressed as r = k / dh The above diagram depicts the moody plot between the friction factor and the Reynolds number. b) The length of the oil droplet can be calculated by, mg= d Where m is the mass of the oil droplets, d is diameter of the droplet and is length of the droplet. So, volume can be calculated by, 4/3 r3 = 4/3*3.41*(80*10^-4) = 0.036 m^3 So, length can be calculated by, 0.036/ (3.41* 80*10^-4) = 1.31 2. a) The above plot showcases the relationship between the Reynolds number and the drag coefficient. The separation can be termed as the relationship between the removal of the impurities and the components of the substances. b) Flow rate can be calculated by, * (pipe diameter) 2* velocity = *3.14*(50)2* 0.33 = 647.625 References Bourne, M. (2002).Food texture and viscosity. San Diego: Academic Press. Bowdler, D. and Leventhall, H. (2011).Wind turbine noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Pub. Boyce, M. (2006).Gas turbine engineering handbook. Boston: Gulf Professional Pub. Chapman, S. and Cowling, T. (1970).The mathematical theory of non-uniform gases. [Cambridge, Eng.]: Cambridge University Press. Cohen, H., Rogers, G. and Saravanamuttoo, H. (1987).Gas turbine theory. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific Technical. Du Bois, W. (1996).The souls of Black folk. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library. Falcone, M. and Makridakis, C. (2001).Numerical methods for viscosity solutions and applications. Singapore: World Scientific. Fleming, W. and Soner, H. (2006).Controlled Markov processes and viscosity solutions. New York: Springer. Fowler, H. and Gowers, E. (1965).A dictionary of modern English usage. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Giampaolo, T. (2006).Gas turbine handbook. Lilburn, GA: Fairmount Press. Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. and Eyring, H. (1941).The theory of rate processes. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Hudson, W. (n.d.).Green mansions. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg. King, P. (1981).The turbine. [Dunedin, N.Z.: P. King. Lefebvre, A. (1983).Gas turbine combustion. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. Maugham, W. (1936).Of human bondage. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Maugham, W. (1995).The moon and sixpence. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg. Neilson, R. (1902).The steam turbine. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Oates, G. (1997).Aerothermodynamics of gas turbine and rocket propulsion. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Philbrick, W. (2009).The mostly true adventures of Homer P. Figg. New York: Blue Sky Press. Tuchman, B. (1962).The guns of August. New York: Macmillan. Tuchman, B. (1978).A distant mirror. New York: Knopf. TURBINE., (1904).Die Turbine. Zeitschrift fur modernen Schnellbetrieb, fur Dampf-, Gas-, Wind- Wasserturbinen. (Organ der Turbinentechnischen Gesellschaft.) Jahrg. 1. Hft. 1-Jahrg. 9. Hft. 24. Okt. 1904-Sept. 1913. Berlin. Walsh, P. and Fletcher, P. (1998).Gas turbine performance. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Yeats, W. (1956).The collected poems of W.B. Yeats. New York: Macmillan.

The Scourging of Christ, Giulio Cesare Procaccini free essay sample

Upon walking into Gallery 250 of Bostons Museum of Fine Arts, one will find on the wall a particularly eye-catching piece of art. The piece, set high on the corner of the wall encompassed by pictures depicting scenes from the life of Jesus Christ, is Giulio Cesare Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ. In this piece, Procaccinis masterful use of light and shadows in a technique called chiaroscuro dramatically portray the torturing of Christ, and it is this very application of chiaroscuro that immediately caught my eye. Through his masterful rendition of value, Procaccini successfully evoked within me a crushing sensation of agony. While I did not initially realize that the piece was one of Christ, research enabled me to witness how daring and bold Procaccini was in being one of the few to depict the agony of Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scourging of Christ, Giulio Cesare Procaccini or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is important in its excellent display of the evocative powers of art, and also in its depiction of the seldom-explored topic of the agony of Christ. To understand the significance of a piece of art, one must first come to understand what the piece of art is. Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is a piece that dates from the early 17th Century. Being an Italian piece from this period, it is clear that the piece was created in a time that featured Baroque art as its main movement. As is common of the age, Procaccini creates a sense of space and depth not through linear and aerial perspective, but rather through varying light and shadow. This is one of the traits of Baroque art, as innovated by Annibale Carracci. To further establish the pieces deep roots in the Baroque movement of 17th Century Italy, Procaccinis use of light and shadow is much like the use of light and shadow by one of the poster boys of the Baroque movement – Caravaggio. In Caravaggios Calling of Saint Matthew, the lighting becomes one of the many points of discussion. That is because the lighting in this piece is cleverly used to draw the focus to the main characters in play – those being Christ and Saint Matthew. Shadow is used to obscure those without much significance in the piece, and thus the use of chiaroscuro in the piece can be said to have a highlighting effect, bringing forth those important and obscuring those trivial. Very similar to this is the use of light and shadow in Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ. In it, the main figure, the body of Christ, is basked in a light that draws him forth from the background. Behind him are the people scourging him, and these people are only acknowledged with a bit of light here and there to indicate their presence. A majority of the figures are concealed by the strong contrast and shadows in the piece while the main figure is brought forth by light, making the use of chiaroscuro in this piece very reminiscent of the Baroque style. With a firm understanding of the piece, the significance of the piece becomes much easier to comprehend. One of the main reasons why Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is important is due to its display of the evocative powers of art. One of the most striking traits of this piece lies in its use of chiaroscuro. Through the use of dramatic lighting, Procaccini is able to evoke within the audience a clear sense of the pain and agony of Christ. This sensation is further augmented by the ominous faces that lurk behind Christ, and Christs expression of extreme agony. Even for somebody like myself, who did not at once recognize it as a piece about Christ, it was inevitable to understand that the piece depicted some form of extreme torture, and to feel a sense of helplessness and pain. The companion plaque for the piece found in the MFA could not have put it better. â€Å"Procaccinis shallow, claustrophobic composition – with threatening faces half hidden in the shadows confront viewers with Christs suffering and inspire emotion. † Seeing as the piece was originally meant to inspire emotion and devotion, it can only be seen as amazing that the piece has such a timeless ability to inspire emotions. In containing such a timeless quality and being such a masterful example of how much emotion a piece of art is able to evoke, Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is greatly significant. Procaccinis piece is also significant for being one of the few to have such a unique subject matter. Asides from its technique being considerably significant, the subject matter of the piece is also one that is rarely portrayed of in art. While at face value, the subject matter is the commonly-seen scourging of Christ, it is rare for a piece to truly depict Christ in pure agony. As one who did not immediately identify the man as Christ, I was able to notice the pain the character portrayed was in when I first saw the piece. The presence of agony is significant because, in Christian and Catholic paintings, Christ is rarely portrayed as being in unbearable agony due to the fact that his sacrifice was an act out of his affection and compassion for the world. Ergo, in deviating from the norm and being one of the rare pieces existent to portray Christ in pure agony, the piece is significant. Art is powerful in it ability to bring forth emotions and influence its audience. This ability to draw forth emotions is what constituted the success of artists such as Vincent van Gogh and Pablo Picasso, and it is also this very ability that pervades Giulio Cesare Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ and makes it so haunting. Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is important not only in its timeless ability to evoke strong emotions, but also in its existence as one of the few pieces ever made to depict the genuine suffering and agony of Christ. Indeed, in being both masterfully created and one of a kind, Giulio Cesare Procaccinis The Scourging of Christ is extremely significant in the history of art.

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1851-1860

A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1851-1860 The time between 1851 and 1860 was one of great upheaval in United States history.   1851   The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux is signed with the Sioux Indians. They agree to give up their lands in Iowa and almost all of Minnesota.  The New York Daily Times appears. This will be renamed the New York Times in 1857.  A fire occurs at the Library of Congress, destroying 35,000 books.  Moby Dick is published by Herman Melville.   1852   Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly is published to great success by Harriet Beecher Stowe.  Uncle Sam appears for the first time in a comic publication in New York.  Franklin Pierce wins the presidency.  The Know Nothing Party is created as a Nativist party opposed to Catholics and immigrants.   1853 The Coinage Act of 1853 is passed by Congress, reducing the amount of silver in coins smaller than a dollar.  Vice President William King dies on April 18th. President Pierce does not appoint a new Vice President for the rest of his time in office.  Mexico gives land along the southern border of present-day Arizona and New Mexico in exchange for $15 million.   1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Act is proposed that would separate the central Kansas Territory into two with the idea that the individuals in the territories would decide for themselves whether they would be free or slave. However, this was opposed to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 because they were both above latitude 36 °30. The act is later passed on May 26th. Eventually this area would be called Bleeding Kansas due to the fighting that would occur over the question of whether the area would be slave or free. In October, Abraham Lincoln gives a speech condemning the act.  The Republican Party is formed by anti-slavery individuals who oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Commodore Mathew Perry and the Japanese sign the Treaty of Kanagawa opening ports up to trade with the US.  The Ostend Manifesto is created declaring the US right to purchase Cuba or take it by force if Spain does not agree to sell it. When it is published in 1855, it meets with negative public reaction.Walden is publis hed by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.   1855 Over the course of the year, a virtual civil war happens in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery forces.  Frederick Douglass publishes his autobiography entitled My Bondage, My Freedom.  Walt Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass.   1856 Charles Sumner is beaten with a cane by Preston Brooks on the floor of the Senate for an anti-slavery speech. He does not recover fully for three years.  Lawrence, Kansas is the center of violence in Kansas when pro-slavery men kill an anti-slavery settler. Anti-slavery men led by John Brown then retaliate killing five pro-slavery men leading to the name Bleeding Kansas.  James Buchanan is elected as president of the United States.   1857 A pro-slavery legislature in Kansas passes the Lecompton Resolution which an election of delegates to a Constitutional Convention. Buchanan supports the eventual Convention even though it favors pro-slavery forces. It is later approved and then rejected. It becomes a point of contention with the president and Congress. It is finally sent back to Kansas for a popular vote in 1858. However, they choose to reject it. Therefore, Kansas will not be admitted as a state until 1860.  The Supreme Court decides in that slaves are property and that Congress has no right to deprive citizens of their property.  The Panic of 1857 begins. It will last two years and the failure of thousands of businesses.   1858 Minnesota becomes the 32nd state to the enter the Union. It is a free state.  Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas meet in seven debates across Illinois where they discuss slavery and sectionalism. Douglas will win the election, but Lincoln becomes a key figure in national politics.   1859 Oregon joins the Union as a free state.  Silver is discovered in Nevada leads more people out west to make their fortune.  The first American oil well is created when Edwin Drake finds oil in Pennsylvania.  John Brown leads a raid at Harpers Ferry to seize the federal arsenal. He is a devoted abolitionist who wishes to create a territory for fugitive slaves. However, he is captured by a force led by Robert E. Lee. He is found guilty of treason and hanged in Charlestown, Virginia.   1860 The Pony Express begins between St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California.  Abraham Lincoln wins the presidency after a hard fought campaign centering on the issues of sectionalism and slavery.  South Carolina decides to secede from the Union. The state militia takes over the Federal arsenal at Charleston.

Pay them by their performance and everyone benefits As a statement of Essay - 1

Pay them by their performance and everyone benefits As a statement of management - Essay Example Quite understandably, these people were in search for a formula or the prominent factors, which can affect these above mentioned variables. This search led these experts to many new concepts and approaches and out of them â€Å"pay for performance† is one of the most debated, and discussed ones. This paper, therefore, focuses on the same concept and is an attempt to analyze and explore different dimensions to this concept. It is important to understand that this system cannot come under study in isolation with the other systems of fixed pay systems. This is because that actually shortcomings and problems within the existing systems led to the discovery and creation of pay for performance. In fact, pay for performance was an attempt by organizational experts to rectify the problems with the fixed pay plans. One of the biggest problems with fixed pay plans was their inability to motivate employees to put in the extra effort. Employees were asking themselves that why should they put in extra effort into their jobs when they are not getting any rewards for the same. Tangible or intangible rewards are quite understandably the biggest motivational factors of the employees most of the times, and without their presence, life became miserable for the mangers who want extra quality work from their employees. Moreover, this was the time in the history when the market was increasingly becoming a ruthless and aggr essive place, when their bosses asked managers and company heads to continue a two-fold goal of cutting the costs and increasing the productivity of the organization and both at the same time. This eventually meant that the managers would have to motivate the employees to put in more effort with the same rewards, pay, or remuneration. As mentioned above, this was certainly not possible. This situation was problematic from two sides of the picture. The first side of

H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

H.W - Essay Example Wind energy is a useful renewable energy source that is likely to increase in popularity in the coming years because of its wide-ranging advantages. Wind power generates green energy that guarantees minimum pollution to the environment. Unlike nonrenewable energy sources that produce noxious and destructive greenhouse gases, wind energy is a clean energy source that limits the production of waste matter (Nelson, 2013). Tapping and production of wind energy is a simple process that minimizes the production of effluents that may be destructive in the environment. Although most renewable energy sources are cheap and provide a stable supply of energy, wind energy is the most plentiful among the sources and it is available globally. The abundance of wind energy is also a significant benefit. The energy source is readily available and offers flexible forms of extraction that are convenient for most industries. It is non-exhaustible in nature and available in virtually all areas in the world, be it rainy or sunny. This ensures that a larger population, even in the most remote of areas, can access wind energy and capitalize on its benefits using appropriate machinery. Compared to solar energy, wind energy is definitely more abundant (Nelson, 2013). Solar energy may be unavailable in other areas such as Antarctica region or during winter periods. Wind energy is an all-weather form of energy that is available in any location during any time. Innumerable forms of technology are available to tap wind energy according to the output levels required in manufacturing firms. Wind energy provides a cheap way of extraction and use. Modern forms of technology ensure that there are various ways of tapping wind energy without incurring significant costs. Although installation costs may present a challenge in the introductory phases of installation, the later stages of tapping and production of energy are often inexpensive. It is a beneficial and convenient source for

Intelligence Community Credibility- How do we get it back Research Paper

Intelligence Community Credibility- How do we get it back - Research Paper Example Therefore the accent in activities of intelligence community was shifted to a multi-perspective consideration about challenging issues of American society and the main goal of this organization is currently seen in serving American nation and not only to respond to the President. For the majority of people Intelligence Community is associated with films about spies. In America 14 agencies and organizations are united in a group where its participants develop their intelligent activities for provision of national security. Intelligent Community has a regulative basis specified in Executive Order 12333, which was signed by President Ronald Reagan on December 4, 1981 (Intelligent reform, 2008). In accordance with this order Intelligence Community provides American government with the information appropriate for foreign, defense, and economic policies. There are â€Å"four methods of intelligence collection: human, signals, imagery, and measurement and signatures intelligence (HUMINT, S IGINT, IMINT, and MASINT)† (Intelligent reform, 2008). All activities of IC are conducted under the guidance of the Director of Intelligent Community. Since 1947 Intelligent Community experienced numerous reforms. The most recent reform was conducted in the beginning of the XXI century, in 2004. After a dreadful terroristic act on September 11 the main claim of the act was a propagation of "unity of effort" (Intelligent reform, 2008). It was necessary to integrate and develop information sharing. Potential threats facing American society had to be more properly considered by Intelligent Community. Information is the central focus of representatives of intelligence community, policymakers, enforcement officers and other participants of this organization. A more detailed discussion of information is a way out to forecast potential terroristic threats. Intelligence community currently is supposed to perform the following function: â€Å"The threats posed today by terrorist group s, rogue states and transnational criminal networks are severe and daunting, and the increased effectiveness of the intelligence community is helping us combat these threats† (Fixing Intelligence: for a More Secure America, 2003). Currently a mutual collaboration of DNI and CIA is directed on an intelligence community efficiency increase. In such a way, ‘group think’ may facilitate ideas competition, which is relevant to intelligence analysis. Moreover, DNI is supposed to undermine power and authority of the Defense Department and intelligent support may be neglected. Nevertheless, DNI confirmed expectations and shifted its accents to consideration of community-wide matters. Consequently, management aspect of intelligence community is also better regulated now. A creation of the National Counterterrorism Center is another modern innovation introduced in the activities of the intelligence community, because it is directed on facilitation of terrorism-related intell igence analysis and deals with counterterrorism efforts regulation on behalf of the federal government. A modern generation of intelligence analysts is surrounded by enormous possibilities and tools facilitating their work. Electronic resources and information technologies facilitate a process of information sharing/discussing (Herrington, 2008). With regard to a wide-spread occurrence of social networks, officers of intelligence

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the Rye Essay Holden wanted to be the catcher in the rye. Holden wanted to catch children before they fell off the cliff and realized how the world really is, the world is disappointing. He wanted to keep children innocent and pure. There are several quotes and examples to support this in Catcher in the Rye like when the kid was singing in the park of Radio City, the school scene, Allie&#8217;s death and Holden&#8217;s rage over Allie&#8217;s death. Allie&#8217;s death helps make Holden&#8217;s decision about wanting to be a catcher in the rye. Holden wished he could have caught Allie before he fell off the cliff and died. Holden wanted to save Allie to catch him before it was too late. The night of Allie&#8217;s funeral Holden smashed every window in his garage with his fists. Holden tried smashing the windows on the car but his fists were too badly injured to do it. Holden went to the hospital bleeding during Allie&#8217;s funeral. Holden did not attend his brother&#8217;s funeral, so that he would not have to completely let go of Allie. Holden was changed so much by his brother&#8217;s death, Allie&#8217;s death. Holden often talks to himself, like Allie was still right next to him, thinking he is having a conversation with Allie. This shows Holden has unresolved issues of Allie&#8217;s death, that he has not gotten over it yet. Holden never goes to Allie&#8217;s grave, to see his tombstone. Thinking that if he never goes to see him, Allie death would never have really taken place in Holden&#8217;s mind, kind of like hear no evil, see no evil. Holden watches Phoebe ride on the carousel, turning and turning on it, and thinks "so damn happy all of a sudden". "This recreates the pattern of the catcher in the rye story" writes Malcolm Bradbury. Holden, the protective, watcher observes Phoebe&#8217;s happiness of childhood. Holden realizes that children are born innocent. Much like Adam and Eve in the Bible, both were innocent until coaxed into eating the fruit of knowledge from the tree by the snake of evil, in the Garden of Eden. God told them not to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge but Adam and Eve wanted to be as smart as God. To punish Adam and Eve, God made the fruit get stuck in their throats and give them sin. After that Adam and Eve started wearing clothes because they were no longer innocent.

Hospitality Industry Knowledge

Hospitality Industry Knowledge 1. List six sources of current industry information: – Media: Such as newspapers, television, magazines and radio. The media publicises current information, trends developing and any government initiatives. – Customers: By doing customer questionnaires this can inform enterprises as to what they need to improve, as well as which staff are working well. – Information services: For example the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Tourism NSW (all these services are provided by the government) and provide a whole range of issues within the industry. Internet: Sites such as The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) provide information on environmental issues and trends frequently. Anyone can publish anything on the internet, so it is important to check that the information sourced is credible and correct. – Industry Journals: (Also known as trade magazines) are not available from local industries and usually require a subscription, as they are extremely valuable sources of current information. Within the either national / international journals hospitality positions are advertised, trends are addressed and practices of various enterprises are shown. Training courses: May either be on-site or off-site, and provide the opportunity for staff to experience specific training in a chosen area. 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of information: A primary source is when information is gathered first hand, whereas secondary source is when the information is gathered from a source that has already conducted the research. 3. Indentify the basic research skills that are required when researching: It is important to recognise that the source is credible and that it is of relevance. . List three channels that may be used to disseminate information once collected: Media, Internet and customers. 5. Explain the importance of updating hospitality industry knowledge: Updating hospitality industry knowledge ensur es quality service is maintained and the customer’s needs are constantly being met. 6. Analyse recent government initiatives affecting the hospitality industry: Government initiatives are acts by the government that result in a number of impacts on the industry. Promoting Australia’s image overseas: In campaigns such as â€Å"where the bloody hell are you? † and ‘Australia week’ in the USA; and enhances Australians quality of life as well as boosting tourism in regional areas. – Australian tourism industry: Over $600 million was allocated to the Australian tourism industry in the 2004/05 federal budget. The government set up a new body in 2004, ‘Tourism Australia’, having $120 million allocated to the body in 2004 in order to market Australia internationally as a holiday destination over the following years. To market tourism within regional areas of Australia, an extra $45 million was allocated. – The federal government is now taking on apprentices (New Apprenticeship’s Scheme). This will help with the costs accompanying training new apprentices and offers and encourages employers to take on new enterprises. By introducing these further funds for enterprises, it has also allowed students to take on a part-time apprenticeship whilst attending school, as well as enabling more flexibility for those wishing to pursue a career in commercial cooking. Obesity: This issue has been constantly reported via the media, statistics stating that now over 50% of the Australian population are overweight. This is a result of certain lifestyle changes: individuals are now less active, have increased their consumption of fatty/high energy foods, and often resort to fast food because they believe they do not have enough time to cook themselves. The health problems connected to being overweight have placed a lot of pressure on the health system. This has resulted in the government introducing healthy eating campaigns and new school canteen food requirements. Farmer kits: Was launched by the Federal Minister for Tourism in 2003: ‘Farm and Country Tourism on your Property: Assessment Tool’ These kits were for families looking to enter the agricultural tourism industry and enables them to see whether or not their farm is suitable. 7. Explain recent trends in emerging markets and the importance of internet presence for business: The Internet has enabled the hospitality industry to access a wider market, allowing budding customers to view the available products and services of different enterprises, and to make a booking online. Internet booking have increased dramatically over the past few years (due to the ‘technically savvy’ Y-Generation) and has resulted in an increase in competitiveness between hospitality enterprises. 8. Analyse the impact of social issues on the hospitality industry: Some enterprises choose to become involved with the community by doing things such as participating in community fundraising (e. g. providing a complimentary meal) or by contributing left-over food to charities. The obesity epidemic has also caused the hospitality industry to provide healthier menus, so that consumers now have the option of having either fatty or healthier food. Doing so has caused the face of the hospitality industry to change, as they are no longer regarded as selling only fatty foods. Racial tensions were a result of the Cronulla Riots in Sydney. A number of businesses were closed down, and when re-opened were not able to operate due to a lack of customers. Due to an increase in intoxication and binge drinking licensed premises must ensure they do not serve intoxicated people, as intoxicated people are more likely to commit crimes. The government has responded to this by introducing curfews and lockouts within problem areas. They have also raised the price on Alco-pops to discourage young people from drinking excessively. 9. Outline factors that have caused expansion within the industry: Factors that have caused expansion within the industry include: – International sporting events: attracts a large number of short-term visitors – Cultural events: attract people to specific regions – Seasonal influences: increased travel during holidays, in particular the Christmas and summer holiday period – New liquor licensing laws: may encourage more small bars to open – Medical tourism: hospitality provides forming partnership with hospitals 10. Outline factors that have caused retraction within the industry: – An oversupply of facilities after the 2000 Sydney Olympics – Incidents (such as war on Iraq, tsunami, SARS) resulted in less abroad people travelling to Australia, although inbound tourism did increase – Competition among enterprises caused them to slash their prices (reduced profit) – World oil prices increased which resulted in airline tickets increasing and households to restrict their extra spending money (due to increased cost in petrol) – Rising food prices caused higher menu prices, which may deter customers from dining out – Credit crisis 1. Describe current labour issues and their impacts on enterprises: – Labour turnover: Employee’s left with few hours during the quieter months may choose to leave and find alternative employment. The cost of losing / replacing staff members is quite substantial and costs thousands per employee. – Shortage of qual ified chefs: result of more students staying to year 12 rather than leaving in year 10 – Hiring staff with illegal visa statuses – Paid unjustly: a number of employee’s in the industry are unaware of their rights and may be paid lower wages 2. Explain technological issues affecting the hospitality industry: – Has improved the delivery of customer service and impacted on the delivery of training – Systems and procedures are now more efficient and has reduced many errors and has enabled service to be provided more timely. – Addressed skills shortages by allowing individuals to complete training courses in a more flexible environment through registered training organisations on-line.

410 Gone

410 Gone 410 Gone 410 Gone